condensed time

State of the Field Review: Condensed Time

Supported 0 ｜ Contested 0 ｜ Unstudied 11 ｜ Contradicted 1

condensed-time-1｜untested

Claim: Condensed time is the time experienced by the inner self while the personality inhabits the physical plane; an individual's lifetime is but an instant to the inner self. (early-sessions-1 §28; early-sessions-1 §26)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

• Fabiana M. Carvalho, Khallil T. Chaim, Tiago A. Sanchez, Draulio B. de Araujo (2016). Time-Perception Network and Default Mode Network Are Associated with Temporal Prediction in a Periodic Motion Task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00268 —— Proximate evidence: portions of the default mode network participate in temporal prediction; does not investigate an inner self beyond the personality or the mapping of a lifetime to an instant. Paper

Adjudicating experiment: The original proposition lacks an independently measurable "inner self time" and thus cannot be directly adjudicated at present. Corresponding follow-up question 2: recruit approximately 240 participants who complete second-level temporal bisection, minute-level reproduction, and autobiographical event duration estimation under randomized crossover conditions of neutral, pleasant, and fearful emotional states; acquire task and resting-state fMRI, with pre-defined default mode network connectivity metrics, and test prediction using hierarchical regression and held-out samples. Two sessions per participant, one week apart; project duration approximately 12 months. This experiment can only adjudicate whether emotion and brain networks explain subjective time ratios; it cannot extrapolate second-level results to a lifetime.

Suggested paper title: Emotional Modulation of Subjective Duration and Default Mode Network Connectivity: A Pre-registered Study

Core subversion: Only independent measurement of the inner self and its temporal mapping could challenge the working assumption that "personal time experience depends on individual neural processes"; ordinary time-judgment biases would not overturn it.

Related teams/funders: Mehrdad Jazayeri, Jazayeri Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies (proximate institution studying anomalous experiences)

Specificity of the Seth formulation: "A lifetime corresponds to an instant" is superficially stronger than general time-distortion hypotheses, but without ratios, measurement subjects, or boundary conditions, it does not constitute a distinguishable quantitative prediction.

Notes: This review is rated on the full claim; untested indicates that this search found no direct test, which does not constitute proof that no one worldwide has studied it; listed papers have been verified against publisher or PubMed records; sample sizes are planning-level estimates subject to power simulation; proposed titles are not existing papers.

condensed-time-2｜contradicted

Claim: In dreams one can experience many days while physical time does not elapse, as if traveling in the blink of an eye. (early-sessions-1 §28)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

• Daniel Erlacher, Melanie Schädlich, Tadas Stumbrys, Michael Schredl (2014). Time for actions in lucid dreams: effects of task modality, length, and complexity. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01013 —— Eye-movement-marked lucid dream tasks occupy real time, and motor tasks are typically slower than in waking, not supporting the completion of extensive continuous experiences within zero physical duration. Paper
• Karen R. Konkoly et al. (2021). Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep. Current Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.026 —— Real-time question-answering achieved during polysomnographically confirmed REM, providing external temporal anchors for dream events; does not confirm experiencing several days of continuous events in a dream. Paper
• Grayson Mullen, Nicolas Davidenko (2021). Time Compression in Virtual Reality. Timing & Time Perception. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-bja10034 —— VR shows limited duration underestimation, but with order and anchoring effects; the "compression" direction differs from experiencing many days in a short time. Paper

Adjudicating experiment: Follow-up question 1: multicenter recruitment of approximately 120 frequent dreamers, with 4–6 nights per person; at pre-set intervals of 2, 5, and 10 minutes after REM onset, random awakenings followed by immediate queries on continuous experience duration, story-spanning duration, and confidence; in a lucid-dream subsample, eye-movement markers delimit start and end with timestamped stimuli delivered. Define R = subjective continuous duration / external marker interval; the entire REM segment cannot be directly treated as dream length. Approximately 60 participants attempt simultaneous EEG-fMRI, with pre-registered amygdala BOLD and prefrontal connectivity analyses; period 18–24 months. Follow-up question 5 additionally uses a VR experiment with approximately 240 participants, orthogonally manipulating scene flow rate and event density, with a matched two-dimensional display group, prospective and retrospective timing groups, and recording blink rate, skin conductance, and immediate and 24-hour memory; period 9–12 months; it tests attentional and encoding mechanisms, not dreams directly.

Suggested paper title: Subjective Duration During REM Dreaming: A Pre-registered Study Using Real-Time Signals and Serial Awakenings

Core subversion: If continuous information processing within zero physical duration were reliably confirmed, it would challenge the assumption that "conscious events depend on neural dynamics with non-zero duration."

Related teams/funders: Daniel Erlacher, University of Bern; Ken A. Paller, Northwestern University; Delphine Oudiette, Paris Brain Institute; Martin Dresler, Donders Institute; Nicolas Davidenko, University of California, Santa Cruz

Specificity of the Seth formulation: The strict "physical time does not elapse" makes a strong prediction that conflicts with known timing results; if instead it means only that the story is felt to span many days, it is insufficient to distinguish continuous experience, narrative leaps, and post-awakening memory construction.

Notes: contradicted targets the literal mechanism of zero physical time; the multi-day story experience is not thereby denied, and extreme continuous duration expansion still lacks direct evidence; scalp EEG alone cannot measure amygdala activation, and blink rate and skin conductance are not specific indicators of memory encoding strength.

condensed-time-3｜untested

Claim: An individual's life can be compared to a dream of the inner self; the inner self cares for the personality as one cares for a dream and gives it inner purpose and organization. (early-sessions-1 §28)

Evidence: None (or verification failed, deleted)

Adjudicating experiment: No experiment can currently adjudicate "life is the inner self's dream." A testable surrogate proposition is whether "felt inner guidance improves goal organization": approximately 300 participants randomly assigned to guided imagery, ordinary goal planning, or matched relaxation for 8 weeks of training, with 3-month follow-up; blinded ratings of pre-registered goal completion rates, plan consistency, and sense of agency, with expectancy measures and mediation analysis. Total period approximately 12 months; even if effective, it cannot identify the source of guidance as an inner self.

Suggested paper title: Guided Imagery, Perceived Inner Guidance, and Goal Organization: A Pre-registered Randomized Trial

Core subversion: Only identifying a source of purpose independent of individual cognitive processes would challenge the working assumption that "goal organization arises from individual cognitive and social learning mechanisms."

Related teams/funders: Zoltan Dienes, University of Sussex; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies

Specificity of the Seth formulation: "Caring" and "giving purpose" specify no measurable information content, timing, or failure conditions, and thus cannot be distinguished from self-regulation and narrative identity hypotheses.

Notes: No direct evidence found; the University of Virginia Division of Perceptual Studies researches related anomalous experiences; institutional existence and research interest do not constitute endorsement of the claim.

condensed-time-4｜untested

Claim: The personality arises from the inner self, gains independence, and returns, never truly leaving the inner self. (early-sessions-1 §28)

Evidence: None (or verification failed, deleted)

Adjudicating experiment: Operational definitions of "independence," "return," and identification criteria for the same inner self identity must first be specified; otherwise no sample size can adjudicate. A preliminary study of approximately 150 participants on self-state transitions could use neutral and suggestion-induced states, state-specific learning, cross-state memory tests, and EEG, with three visits distributed over one month; project 9–12 months; compare whether cross-state information isolation and integration exceed expectations from attention and memory models. It tests only the organization of personality states, not post-mortem return of the personality.

Suggested paper title: Memory Transfer and Self-Continuity Across Experimentally Induced Self-States

Core subversion: If it were confirmed that the personality is generated by, and returns to, an independent inner self, it would revise the assumption that "personality continuity is maintained by the individual brain, memory, and social experience."

Related teams/funders: Zoltan Dienes, University of Sussex; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies

Specificity of the Seth formulation: Generation, independence, and return all lack operational definitions, and "never truly leaving" is compatible with all outcomes, thus yielding no uniquely falsifiable predictions.

Notes: Cross-state memory, dissociation, or personality continuity research should not be recast as evidence for inner self differentiation; the Sussex Centre for Consciousness Science provides relevant consciousness research expertise.

condensed-time-5｜untested

Claim: An inverted time system is closer to the essence of time; past, present, and future exist in the spacious present, and individual consciousness employs momentum. (early-sessions-5 §221)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

• Mehrdad Jazayeri, Michael N. Shadlen (2010). Temporal context calibrates interval timing. Nature Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2590 —— Temporal reproduction is influenced by prior distributions and is explainable by Bayesian estimation; does not prove inverted physical time. Paper
• Udo Boehm, Leendert van Maanen, Birte Forstmann, Hedderik van Rijn (2014). Trial-by-trial fluctuations in CNV amplitude reflect anticipatory adjustment of response caution. NeuroImage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.063 —— CNV correlates with decision caution; it cannot be directly equated with a time or value accumulator. Paper

Adjudicating experiment: Corresponding follow-up question 3: first construct a forward Bayesian filter, post-observation information integration, and reversed-order evidence accumulation models, completing parameter recovery, model recovery, and identifiability analyses. Approximately 240 participants complete a probabilistic decision task with orthogonal manipulation of evidence order, temporal priors, and speed–accuracy requirements, approximately 800 trials per person across two EEG sessions; compare choice, response time distributions, and pre-specified CNV metrics with held-out prediction; period 12–18 months. If the claim entails that future random outcomes influence prior responses, recruit approximately 1000 additional participants, with outcomes generated only after response locking, independent device timestamps, and cross-laboratory replication; ordinary reversed playback cannot adjudicate retrocausation.

Suggested paper title: Forward and Retrospective Bayesian Models of Temporal Decisions: A Pre-registered EEG Comparison

Core subversion: Only if future random events stably influence previously locked recordings would the causal assumption that "later-generated random events are conditionally independent of earlier responses" be challenged.

Related teams/funders: Mehrdad Jazayeri, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Michael N. Shadlen, Columbia University; Leendert van Maanen, Utrecht University

Specificity of the Seth formulation: "Spacious present" and "consciousness employs momentum" have no equations or units, and cannot directly derive CNV direction, response time differences, or incremental predictions beyond existing models.

Notes: No direct test converting this specific claim into an identifiable computational model was found; Bayesian retrospective inference is updating judgments with later information, not implying that later events change the past.

condensed-time-6｜untested

Claim: The scientific methods of that time were unequal to the intention, constituting an unacknowledged anti-scientific attitude. (mass-events §868)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

• Open Science Collaboration (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716 —— Replication of 100 psychology studies found attenuated effects and replication difficulties, supporting specific methodological problems; does not prove that science as a whole has an anti-scientific attitude. Paper

Adjudicating experiment: First convert "anti-scientific attitude" into measurable indicators, such as asymmetric evaluation of unconventional conclusions after controlling for methodological quality. Recruit approximately 600 active reviewers who randomly read abstracts matched for method and statistical evidence but differing in research label or conclusion direction, with blinded quality ratings, acceptance recommendations, and requests for additional evidence; additionally sample approximately 1000 papers from 1960–1984 for pre-coded historical audit. Period 18–24 months, with pre-registered primary comparisons and shared materials; it tests bias and methodological flaws, not an undefined "intention."

Suggested paper title: Methodological Quality and Topic-Based Bias in Scientific Evaluation: A Pre-registered Audit

Core subversion: If robust bias were found, it would revise the idealized assumption that "under identical method and evidence conditions, scientific evaluation does not depend on research conclusions or topic."

Related teams/funders: Brian A. Nosek, University of Virginia; Center for Open Science; Open Science Collaboration

Specificity of the Seth formulation: It specifies no discipline, bias direction, magnitude, or comparison standard, making it less specific than modern metascience hypotheses.

Notes: This is a normative and historical evaluation; replication problems cannot justify rating the full claim supported, nor can contemporary psychology samples directly represent all of science at that time.

condensed-time-7｜untested

Claim: Science has overlooked that the physical universe is the external manifestation of an already-existing psychic reality. (early-sessions-2 §50)

Evidence: None (or verification failed, deleted)

Adjudicating experiment: If "matter is a manifestation of psyche" yields exactly the same observations as ordinary physical laws, there is no adjudicating experiment, and sample size and duration are inapplicable. If it additionally predicts that intention can alter an isolated physical system, one could pre-register approximately 500 participants across two independent laboratories in an intention task, with randomized intention and rest periods, automatically recorded calibrated physical metrics, and unattended device controls; approximately 12–18 months; a positive result tests only the added interaction and cannot alone prove the psychic origin of the universe.

Suggested paper title: Intentional Modulation of an Isolated Physical System: A Pre-registered Multilaboratory Test

Core subversion: If an independent psyche alters a physical system after excluding known physical channels, the assumption of "causal closure of physical systems" would be challenged.

Related teams/funders: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies

Specificity of the Seth formulation: It adds no measurement rules or unique predictions beyond generic idealism, and "already-existing" does not specify relative to which notion of time.

Notes: This search found no direct evidence; the Division of Perceptual Studies is a proximate consciousness research institution, which cannot be taken to imply it has tested the cosmic-origin proposition.

condensed-time-8｜untested

Claim: Consciousness comes first; consciousness evolves its own forms, rather than matter producing consciousness. (early-sessions-2 §50)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

• Christof Koch, Marcello Massimini, Melanie Boly, Giulio Tononi (2016). Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.22 —— Summarizes evidence that consciousness depends on neural mechanisms and the difficulty of identification; supports brain-dependence but does not directly adjudicate the ultimate ontological priority of consciousness versus matter. Paper
• Cogitate Consortium; Oscar Ferrante et al. (2025). Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08888-1 —— A 256-participant multimodal pre-registered study testing neural predictions of two consciousness theories, challenging both, without proving consciousness precedes matter. Paper

Adjudicating experiment: The original ontological claim has no adjudicating experiment. If revised to "conscious content does not depend on relevant brain activity," one could recruit approximately 150 adults undergoing clinical anesthesia with EEG, staged stimulation, post-recovery recognition, and, where appropriate, immediate instructed responses, comparing brain dynamics with reportable content; perioperative and 24-hour follow-up per person, multicenter, approximately 18 months. Which model predicts what information retention in which brain state must be specified in advance; unresponsiveness cannot be treated as unconsciousness, nor can postoperative recall be localized to the deepest anesthetic stage.

Suggested paper title: Neural Dynamics and Reportable Experience Across Anesthetic State Transitions: A Pre-registered Multicenter Study

Core subversion: If verifiable conscious content persists after reliably excluding requisite neural processing, the necessity assumption that "human conscious content requires corresponding neural activity" would be challenged.

Related teams/funders: Cogitate Consortium; Marcello Massimini, University of Milan; Melanie Boly, University of Wisconsin–Madison; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies

Specificity of the Seth formulation: It explicitly asserts ontological priority but does not specify how it generates biological forms, nor what different predictions it makes compared with brain-generation, brain-realization, or brain-filter models.

Notes: Ontological priority is not directly falsified; if further asserted that brain activity has no causal role in consciousness, this would conflict with neuroscientific evidence; the two versions should not be conflated.

condensed-time-9｜untested

Claim: Science should abandon linear-time thinking and explore exchanges between genetic systems and environment, consciousness, and culture. (dreams-evolution-2 §910)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

• Kevin N. Laland, Tobias Uller, Marcus W. Feldman, Kim Sterelny, Gerd B. Müller, Armin Moczek, Eva Jablonka, John Odling-Smee (2015). The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.10119 —— Proposes a feedback framework incorporating development, niche construction, and multiple inheritance processes; does not require reverse time, nor does it prove that genetics includes conscious intention. Paper
• Jenny van Dongen et al.; BIOS Consortium (2016). Genetic and environmental influences interact with age and sex in shaping the human methylome. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11115 —— Data from 2603 twin-family members reveal genetic and environmental influences on methylation, without measuring second-level time perception or the heritability of conscious intention. Paper

Adjudicating experiment: Corresponding follow-up question 4: recruit approximately 1000 monozygotic and 1000 dizygotic twin pairs, measure 0.5–2 s bisection, 10–60 s reproduction, and minute-level estimation, controlling for age, sleep, medication, attention, and cultural background; collect blood for DNA methylation, genotype, and cell composition; reassess at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months; project 3–4 years. Estimate heritability with ACE-type models, use within-pair MZ differences for environmental association analysis, pre-register limited gene–environment interactions; whole-methylome results require replication in an independent cohort. Heritability is not gene–environment interaction; the two should be estimated separately.

Suggested paper title: Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Interval Timing: A Longitudinal Twin and DNA Methylation Study

Core subversion: Feedback effects would only revise the simple model that "genes unilaterally determine phenotype without environmental and cultural feedback," a model that is already not the full consensus of modern biology.

Related teams/funders: Jenny van Dongen, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Dorret I. Boomsma, Netherlands Twin Register; Tobias Uller, Lund University; Marcus W. Feldman, Stanford University

Specificity of the Seth formulation: Genetic–environmental–cultural feedback already has concrete scientific models; this claim provides no unique predictions added by abandoning linear time, nor does it define how conscious intention enters the genetic system.

Notes: The full claim remains untested; the sub-claim that environmental and genetic factors interact has support; no direct study was found integrating time bisection, twins, and methylation into the complete paradigm described; blood methylation and epigenetic age cannot be taken as brain-based timing speed.

condensed-time-10｜untested

Claim: Seth recommends conducting small experiments and psychological time exercises to train abilities, and suggests a four-person hand-holding experiment. (early-sessions-1 §12; early-sessions-2 §80; early-sessions-4 §156; early-sessions-3 §129)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

• Jean-Rémy Martin, Jérôme Sackur, Hernan Anlló, Peter Naish, Zoltan Dienes (2016). Perceiving Time Differences When You Should Not: Applying the El Greco Fallacy to Hypnotic Time Distortions. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01309 —— The experiment challenges attributing hypnotic time distortion solely to altered internal clock mechanisms, suggesting judgment strategies and demand characteristics; does not test the four-person hand-holding exercise. Paper

Adjudicating experiment: First specify whether the target is timing precision, subjective control, or information identification. Recruit approximately 320 participants, with 80 four-person groups as the unit of randomization, in a 2×2 design of psychological time exercise / active control × hand-holding / no contact, matching instruction credibility and practice duration, 8 weeks of training with 4-week follow-up; project approximately 12 months. Pre-register one primary endpoint, such as timing precision on an untrained task; record expectancy and intraclass correlations. If measuring information identification, a separate task with strictly blocked visual, auditory, and tactile encoding is required.

Suggested paper title: Effects of Subjective-Time Training and Interpersonal Touch on Timing Performance: A Cluster-Randomized Trial

Core subversion: Only if target information is reliably obtained after blocking sensory channels would the assumption that "interpersonal information transmission requires identifiable physical channels" be challenged.

Related teams/funders: Zoltan Dienes, University of Sussex; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies

Specificity of the Seth formulation: The four-person and touch conditions provide manipulable parameters, but "ability" is unspecified, with no effect size, training dose, or transfer predictions given.

Notes: Self-conducted experiments can generate hypotheses but cannot replace blinding and controls; controversies in proximate hypnosis research are insufficient to rate this specific exercise as contested.

condensed-time-11｜untested

Claim: Jane and Rob observed hands and a badge disappear in a black-cloth experiment; Jane spontaneously narrated a 17th-century female character. (early-sessions-1 §12)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

• Giovanni B. Caputo (2010). Strange-face-in-the-mirror illusion. Perception. https://doi.org/10.1068/p6466 —— Gazing under low illumination can produce anomalous perceptions such as facial distortions; a proximate perceptual explanation, not a replication of the black cloth, hand, or badge disappearance. Paper

Adjudicating experiment: Historical events cannot be re-observed; a pre-registered reconstruction with approximately 160 participants can orthogonally manipulate illumination, gaze duration, and expectancy cues, with eye tracking, target detection, and subjective fading measures, and independent cameras recording whether targets remain present; two sessions per person, approximately 9 months. For the character narrative, recruit approximately 100 individuals with similar experiences, seal specific statements in advance, then have historians blind to experiencer identity match pre-drawn 17th-century archives against decoy archives, controlling for public source exposure, generalized descriptions, and multiple matching; approximately 18 months. The two experiments separately test the visual phenomenon and historical information accuracy.

Suggested paper title: Visual Fading Under Low Illumination and Expectancy: A Pre-registered Multimethod Study

Core subversion: If independent instruments also record object disappearance after excluding occlusion, movement, and equipment failure, the interpretation that "perceptual fading does not equal external object disappearance" would be challenged.

Related teams/funders: Giovanni B. Caputo, University of Urbino; University of Hertfordshire, The Embodied Mind Research Group; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Perceptual Studies

Specificity of the Seth formulation: The black cloth, hand, badge, and character's era provide reconstruction design cues, but without illumination parameters, independent recording, or pre-sealed historical information, no unique explanation follows.

Notes: untested refers to independent verification of this historical case; visual experiences and character narratives can occur authentically, but cannot justify inferring physical disappearance of objects or that the character was a historical person.

condensed-time-12｜untested

Claim: Jane heard sounds and experienced smoke during psychological time exercises; Rob reduced his car's fuel consumption through subconscious suggestion. (early-sessions-4 §153; early-sessions-2 §80)

Evidence (Crossref-verified):

• Albert R. Powers, Christoph Mathys, Philip R. Corlett (2017). Pavlovian conditioning-induced hallucinations result from overweighting of perceptual priors. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan3458 —— Experimentally induced auditory perceptions relate to prior weighting, providing a testable mechanism for hearing sounds; did not verify Jane's experiences or study automobile fuel consumption. Paper

Adjudicating experiment: Two components: (1) approximately 180 participants randomly assigned to psychological time exercise, matched relaxation, or neutral task for 4 weeks, with simultaneous laboratory audio recording and environmental particulate measurement to distinguish external sounds/smoke from subjective experience, incorporating expectancy manipulation and sensory detection tasks; approximately 9 months. (2) approximately 120 drivers receive fuel-saving suggestion or matched-expectancy control, with calibrated fuel quality or flow-meter measurement, using a balanced crossover design under closed test conditions recording speed, acceleration, route, load, and environment; an automated driving condition is included to isolate driving-behavior mediation. Four to six sessions per person; project approximately 12 months. Only reproducible differences under fixed mechanical conditions would support explanations beyond behavioral change.

Suggested paper title: Expectancy, Driving Behavior, and Measured Fuel Consumption: A Pre-registered Crossover Trial

Core subversion: Only if reproducible intention-related fuel-consumption differences persist under identical mechanical output and driving conditions would the model that "fuel demand is determined by vehicle conditions, efficiency, and environment" be challenged.

Related teams/funders: Albert R. Powers, Powers Lab, Yale School of Medicine; Philip R. Corlett, Belief, Learning, and Memory Lab, Yale School of Medicine; Zoltan Dienes, University of Sussex

Specificity of the Seth formulation: No external verification of sounds or smoke, fuel-consumption baseline, driving conditions, or suggestion content is provided, so it cannot be distinguished from sensory priors, changed driving habits, or mechanical anomaly effects.

Notes: Both cases lack independent verification; fuel-consumption reduction can occur through smoother driving and does not automatically support direct mind–matter effects; the Powers Lab and Corlett Lab study perceptual and belief mechanisms.